That There Are Three Divine Persons in One Essence

Part 2

We shall now consider the sacraments of the Church, all of which are comprehended under the fourth article, which pertains to the effect of grace.

First of all, it must be known that, as St. Augustine says in the tenth book of The City of God, a sacrament is a sacred thing, or the sign of a sacred thing.This is slightly different in the passage quoted in The City of God, bk x, ch. x. See also Epist. ii. The "Roman Catechism" ("The Sacraments in General," Chapter I, 4) seemingly follows St. Thomas here. Even in the old law there were certain sacraments, that is, signs of a sacred thing—for example, the paschal lamb and other legal sacred signs or sacraments which, however, did not cause grace but only signified or indicated the grace of Christ. The Apostle calls these sacraments weak and needy elements (Gal 4:9). They were needy because they did not contain grace, and they were weak because they could not confer grace. In them, as St. Augustine says, the merits of Christ brought about salvation in a more hidden manner under the cover of visible things. The sacraments of the new law, on the other hand, both contain grace and confer it. A sacrament of the new law is a visible form of invisible grace. Thus, the exterior washing which takes place when the water is poured in baptism represents that interior cleansing which takes away sin by virtue of the sacrament of baptism.

There are seven of these sacraments of the new law: baptism, confirmation, the eucharist, penance, extreme unction, orders, and matrimony. The first five of these sacraments are intended to bring about the perfection of the individual man in himself; whereas the other two are so constituted that they perfect and multiply the entire Church. The spiritual life conforms to the physical life. In the physical life man is perfected in three chief ways: first, by generation, in that he is born into this world; secondly, by growth, through which he is brought up into stature and perfect strength; thirdly, by food which sustains man's life and powers. This would suffice were it not that man is attacked by illnesses, and hence, fourthly, he needs something which will bring him back to health. This also holds true in the spiritual life.

First, man needs regeneration or re-birth which is brought through the sacrament of baptism: unless a man be born again of water and the Holy Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God (John 3:5). Secondly, it is necessary that man develop perfect strength, which is, as it were, a spiritual growth, and this indeed comes to him in the sacrament of confirmation. This is like the strengthening which the apostles received when the Holy Spirit came upon them and confirmed them. The Lord had said to them: but stay you in the city of Jerusalem till you be endued with power from on high (Luke 24:49). The third similarity is that man must be fed with spiritual food: unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man, and drink his blood, you shall not have life in you (John 6:54). Fourthly, man must be healed spiritually through the sacrament of penance: heal my soul, for I have sinned against you (Ps 40:5). One is healed both in soul and in body in the sacrament of extreme unction: is any man sick among you? Let him bring in the priests of the Church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord. And the prayer of faith shall save the sick man, and the Lord shall raise him up, and if he be in sins, they shall be forgiven him (Jas 5:14). Two of the sacraments, orders and matrimony, are instituted for the common good of the Church. Through the sacrament of orders the Church is ruled and is spiritually multiplied; and through matrimony it is increased physically in numbers.

The seven sacraments have some things which they all hold in common, and some things which are proper to each one. That which is common to all the sacraments is that they confer grace. It is also common to all the sacraments that a sacrament is made up of words and physical acts. And so also Christ, who is the author of the sacraments, is the Word made flesh. And just as the flesh of Christ was sanctified, and has the power of sanctifying because of the Word united to itself, so also the sacraments are made holy and have the power of sanctifying through the words which accompany the action. Thus, St. Augustine says: the word is joined to the element and the sacrament is made.In Ioan., Tract. LXXX, 3. Now, the words by which the sacraments are sanctified are called the form of the sacraments; and the things which are sanctified are called the matter of the sacraments. Water, for example, is the matter of baptism, and the holy chrism is the matter of confirmation. In each sacrament there is required a minister, who confers the sacrament with the intention of doing that which the Church intends. If any one of these three requirements is lacking, the sacrament is not brought into being, viz., if there is lacking the due form of the words, or if the matter is not present, or if the minister does not intend to confer the sacrament. The effect of the sacrament is likewise impeded through the fault of the recipient, for example, if one feigns to receive it and with a heart unprepared to receive worthily. Such a one, although he actually receives the sacrament, does not receive the effect of the sacrament, that is, the grace of the Holy Spirit. For the Holy Spirit of discipline will flee from the deceitful (Wis 1:5). On the other hand, however, there are some who never even receive sacramentally, yet who receive the effect of the sacrament because of their devotion towards the sacrament, which they may have in desire or in a vow.

There are some things which are characteristic of each individual sacrament. Certain ones impress a character on the soul which is a certain spiritual sign distinct from the other sacraments. Such are the sacraments of orders, baptism, and confirmation. The sacraments which give a character are never repeated in the same person who has once received it. Thus, he who is baptized need never again receive this sacrament; neither can he who has been confirmed receive confirmation again; and one who has been ordained need never repeat his ordination. The reason is that the character which each of these sacraments impresses is indelible. In the other sacraments, however, a character is not impressed on the recipient, and hence they can be repeated as far as the person is concerned, not however as far as the matter is concerned. Thus, one can frequently receive penance, frequently receive the eucharist, and can be anointed more than once with extreme unction, and likewise he can be married more than once. Yet, regarding the matter, the same host cannot be frequently consecrated, nor ought the oil of the sick be frequently blessed.

There is also another difference, because certain sacraments are necessary for salvation, as baptism and penance which were instituted for the cleansing of sin. If these did not exist, man would not be able to be saved. But the other sacraments are not necessary for salvation, because without them man is able to be saved, unless he neglect them out of contempt.

Having considered the sacraments of the Church in general, it is now necessary to say something about each one in particular. First, we consider baptism, of which it must be known that the matter of this sacrament is natural water, and it makes no difference whether it is cold or warm. In artificial waters, however, such as rose water, one cannot baptize. The form of Baptism is: I baptize you in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. The minister of baptism ordinarily is the priest, whose office it is to baptize. In case of necessity, however, not only a deacon but also any lay person, even a pagan or a heretic, can baptize as long as he observes the form specified by the Church, and intends to act according to the intention of the Church. If a person is baptized by these not in a case of necessity, he received the sacrament and must not again be baptized; but the grace of the sacrament is not received, because such persons are not truly deputed to baptize outside of cases of necessity, and, hence, they act contrary to the law of the Church regulating reception of the sacraments. The effect of baptism is to remit both original and actual sin as well as all guilt and punishment which they incur. No kind of punishment must be enjoined for past sins upon those just newly baptized. Hence, those who die immediately after baptism are admitted to the glory of God without delay. The effect, therefore, of baptism is the opening of the gates of paradise.

There have been certain errors concerning this sacrament. The first was that of the Solentiani, who received not a baptism of water, but only a spiritual baptism. Against them the Lord says: unless a man be born again of water and the Holy Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God (John 3:5).

The second error was that of the Donatists, who re-baptized those who had been baptized by the Catholics. Against them it is written: one faith, one baptism (Eph 4:5).

They also err in holding that a man in the state of sin cannot baptize. Against them it is said: he upon whom you see the Spirit descending, and remaining upon him, he it is who baptizes (John 1:33). It is thus seen that a minister who is himself evil does not invalidate either this or any of the other sacraments, because it is Christ who interiorly gives to each sacrament its efficacy, and he is good.

The fourth error is that of the Pelagians who say that children must be baptized because by their regeneration they, as adopted children of God, are admitted into the kingdom, but by this regeneration they are not freed from original sin.

The second sacrament is confirmation. The matter of this sacrament is chrism made from oil, which signifies the bright lustre of conscience, and from balsam, which signifies the odor of a good name; both of which are blessed by the bishop. The form of this sacrament is: I sign you with the sign of the cross, and I confirm you with the chrism of salvation, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen. The minister of this sacrament is solely the bishop. It is not licit for a priest to anoint on the forehead with chrism those who are to be confirmed. The effect of confirmation is that the Holy Spirit is imparted to give strength, just as he was given to the apostles on the day of Pentecost. Thus, the Christian must boldly confess the name of Christ. The one who is confirmed is anointed on the forehead wherein is the seat of fear; so that he will not blush to confess either the name of Christ or especially the cross of Christ, which was to the Jews a scandal, and to the Gentiles foolishness; for this reason he is signed with the sign of the cross.

Certain of the Greeks erred concerning this sacrament in saying that it could be administered by one who is only a priest. Against this it is said that the apostles sent Peter and John, who were apostles, to impose hands upon those who had been baptized by Philip the deacon, and they received the Holy Spirit. Now, the bishops of the Church are in the places of the apostles, and in their place also do they impose hands when the sacrament of confirmation is administered.

The third sacrament is the holy eucharist. Its matter is wheaten bread and wine from the grape mixed with a little water so that the water becomes part of the wine. The water signifies the faithful who are incorporated into Christ. Other than wheaten bread and wine from the grape cannot be the matter for this sacrament. The form of this sacrament is the very words of Christ, this is my body, and this is the chalice of my blood of the new and eternal testament; the mystery of faith; which shall be shed for you and for many, for the remission of sins. These words spoken by the priest in the person of Christ brings into being this sacrament. The minister of this sacrament is the priest; and no one else can consecrate this matter into the body of Christ.

The effect of this sacrament is twofold: first, in the very consecration of the sacrament, since in virtue of the above words bread is changed into the body of Christ, and wine into his blood; so that Christ is entirely contained under the appearances of bread which remain without a subject; and Christ is entirely contained under the appearances of wine. And, moreover, under each part of the consecrated host and of the consecrated wine, Christ is totally present even after the separation is made. The second effect of this sacrament, which is brought about in the soul of one who worthily receives it, is the union of man with Christ, as he himself says: he who eats my flesh and drinks my blood abides in me and I in him (John 6:57). And since man is incorporated with Christ and united to his members through grace, it follows that through this sacrament grace is increased in those who receive it worthily. Thus, therefore, in this sacrament there is that which is the sacrament alone (sacramentum tantum), that is, the species of bread and wine; and that which is known as the res et sacramentum, that is, the true body of Christ; and that which is the res tantum, that is the unity of the mystical body, that is, the Church which this sacrament both signifies and causes.

There have been many errors regarding this sacrament. The first error is of those who say that in this sacrament is not the true body of Christ but only a sign of it. The author of this error is said to be Berengarius against whom it is written: for my flesh is meat indeed; and my blood is drink indeed (John 6:56).

The second is the error of the Arrodinici, who offer in their sacrament bread and cheese because they say men at first made offerings of the fruits of the earth and of their flocks. Against this, however, stands the fact that the Lord who is the institutor of this sacrament gave to his disciples bread and wine.

The third is the error of the Cataphrygae and the Praeputiati, who drew the blood of an infant from tiny punctures in its body, and mixing this with flour made a bread of it; and thus asserted that they consecrated the sacrament. This is more like the sacrifices of demons than that of Christ, according to the Psalm: and they shed innocent blood which they sacrificed to the idols of Chanaan (Ps 105:38).

The fourth is the error of the Aquarii, who offer water only in their sacrifices. But against this are the words from the mouth of wisdom, which is Christ: drink the wine which I have mingled for you (Prov 9:5).

The fifth is the error of the Ophites, who considering the serpent to be Christ, have a snake lick with its tongue the customary bread as if thereby to consecrate the Eucharist for them.

The sixth is the error of the Praeputiati, who assign to women the role of priests.

The seventh is the error of the Poor of Lyons who hold that any just man can consecrate this sacrament. Against such errors is the fact that the Lord gave to the apostles the power to celebrate this sacrament; and hence only those who receive this power in a certain succession from the apostles can consecrate this sacrament.

The eighth is the error of certain ones called Adamites, who imitating the nakedness of Adam, gather together naked, both men and women, to listen to readings naked, to pray naked, to celebrate the sacraments naked; against whom it is said: But let all things be done among you decently and according to order (1 Cor 14:40).

The fourth sacrament is penance. The matter, as it were, of this sacrament is the acts of the penitent, which are called the three parts of penance. The first part is a heart-felt contrition, by which one is sorry for the sins one has committed, and determines not to sin again. The second part is confession, which consists in this that the sinner confesses all the sins of which he is mindful to the priest; and all of them at one time to one priest, not dividing them to a number of priests. The third part is satisfaction, which is enjoined according to the judgment of the priest; and consists especially in fasting and prayer and almsgiving.

The form of this sacrament is the words of absolution which the priest speaks when he says: I absolve you. The minister of this sacrament is the priest having authority to absolve, which is either ordinary or by commission of his superior. The effect of this sacrament is absolution from sin.

Concerning this sacrament is the error of the Novati, who say that any one who has sinned after having been baptized cannot receive pardon through the sacrament of penance. Against this are the words: be mindful therefore from where you have fallen; and do penance, and do the first works (Rev 2:5).

The fifth sacrament is extreme unction. Its matter is olive oil blessed by the bishop. This sacrament should only be received by those who are in danger of death through sickness. They are to be anointed in the places of the five senses: that is, on the eyes, because it is the organ of the sense of sight; on the ears, because of hearing; on the nostrils, because of smell; on the lips, because of taste or speech; and on the hands because of touch, and on the feet because of walking.

The form of this sacrament is this: through this anointing and through his most divine mercy, may the Lord forgive you whatever thou hast committed through sight; and so on for the other senses. The minister of this sacrament is the priest. The effect of this sacrament is a medicine for both mind and body.

Concerning this sacrament is the error of the Elaeonitae, who are said to anoint their dying with oil and balsam and water and to accompany the anointing with invocations in Hebrew pronounced over the head of the sick. This is, however, contrary to the form handed down by St. James, as given above.

The sixth Sacrament is holy orders. There are seven orders: priesthood, deaconate, subdeaconate, acolyte, exorcist, lector, and porter. Tonsure is not an order, but a formal profession of giving one's life to the divine ministry. The episcopate is rather a dignity than an order. The matter of this sacrament is that matter which is handed over to the candidate at the conferring of the order. Thus, priesthood is conferred by the handing over of the chalice, and so each order is conferred by the handing over of that matter which in a special way pertains to the ministry of that particular order. The form of this sacrament is this: receive the power to offer sacrifice in the Church for the living and the dead. And similarly power is conferred in the other orders. The minister of this sacrament is the bishop who confers the orders. The effect of this sacrament is an increase of grace for the performance of the duties of a worthy minister of Christ.

Concerning this sacrament was the error of the Arius, who taught that the priesthood could not be distinguished from the episcopate.

Matrimony is the seventh sacrament. It is a sign of the union between Christ and the Church. The efficient cause of matrimony is the mutual consent expressed in words effective in the present by the parties. Matrimony has a threefold good. The first is the birth of children and the educating of them to the worship of God. The second is that fidelity which one must render to the other; and the third is that it is a sacrament, or, in other words, the indivisibility of matrimony which shows forth the indivisible union of Christ and his Church.

Concerning Matrimony there are a number of errors. The first is that of Tatian, who condemned marriage, and against such it is written: a woman does not sin if she marries (1 Cor 7:28).

The second error is that of Jovinian, who made marriage equal to virginity, which was spoken about above.De articulis fidei, a. 4.

The third is that of the Nicolaitae, who mutually exchange their wives. There were also many other heretics who taught and worked impurities, and against which it is said in Hebrews: let marriage be honorable among all, and the bed undefiled (Heb 13:4).

By the reception of these sacraments, man is led to future eternal glory which consists in seven gifts, three of the soul and four of the body.

The first gift given to the soul is the vision of God in his essence, according to the words: we shall see him as he is (1 John 3:2).

The second gift is comprehension, or that understanding of God as the reward of our merits: so run that you may obtain (1 Cor 9:24).

The third is perfect enjoyment, wherein we shall have full happiness in God: then shall you abound in delights of the Almighty (Job 22:26).

The first gift which shall be enjoyed by the body is that of impassibility, for this corruptible must put on incorruption (1 Cor 15:53).

The second gift is brilliancy: then shall the just shine as the sun, in the kingdom of their Father (Matt 13:43).

The third is agility, through which they can instantly be present wheresoever they wish: they shall run to and fro like sparks among the reeds (Wis 3:7).

The fourth is the gift of subtility, whereby they can penetrate wherever they desire: it is sown a natural body, it shall rise a spiritual body (1 Cor 15:44). To all of which may he lead us, who lives and reigns forever and ever. Amen.